*(Key Resources recommended by Dr. Jerome Leis, **recommend Dr. Shaun Morris)
Professional Associations and Helpful Websites
UTI Clinical Practice Guidelines
Andreessen L, Wilde MH, Herendeen P. Preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute care: the bundle approach.
J Nurs Care Qual. 2012; 27 (3): 209-217. doi: 10.1097/NCQ.0b013e318248b0b1.
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC). APIC
Implementation Guide: Guide to preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Washing DC: API; 2014.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Urinary tract infection (catheter-associated urinary tract infection [CAUTI] and non-catheter-associated urinary tract infection [UTI]) and other urinary system infection [USI]) events. CDC; 2016.
Clarke K, Tong D, Pan Y, et al.
Reduction in catheter-associated urinary tract infections by bundling interventions.Int J Qual Health Care. 2013; 25 (1): 43-49.
Conway LJ, Larson EL.
Guidelines to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection: 1980 to 2010.
Heart Lung. 2012; 41 (3): 271-283. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2011.08.001.
*Epp A, LaRochelle A.
SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline: Recurrent urinary tract infection.
J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2010; 32 (11): 1082–1090.
Flodgren G, Conterno LO, Mayhew A, Omar O, Pereira CR, Shepperd S. Interventions to improve professional adherence to guidelines for prevention of device-related infections.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 3: CD006559. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006559.pub2.
Gould CV, Umscheid CA, Agarwal RK, Kuntz G, Pegues DA, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC).
Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections 2009. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2010.
Hill TC, Baverstock R, Carlson KV, et al.
Best practices for the treatment and prevention of urinary tract infection in the spinal cord injured population: The Alberta context. Can
Urol Assoc.J. 2013; 7 (3-4): 122-130. doi: 10.5489/cuaj.337.
*Hooton TM, Bradley SF, Cardenas DD, et al.
Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 50 (5): 625-663.
Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI).
How-to Guide: Prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Cambridge, MA: IHI; 2011.
The Joint Commission. Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP). SCIP-Inf-9: Urinary catheter removed on postoperative day 1 (POD 1) or postoperative day 2 (POD 2) with day or surgery being day zero.
Specifications manual for national hospital inpatient quality measures. Joint Commission; 2013.
Saskatchewan Infection Prevention and Control Program.
Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in continuing care settings. Government of Saskatchewan Ministry of Health; 2013.
Toward Optimized Practice (TOP).
Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in long term care facilities: Clinical practice guideline. Edmonton, AB: TOP; 2015.
Additional Resources for Prevention of UTI
Barnoiu OS, Sequeira-Garcia Del Moral J, Sanchez-Martinez N, Diaz-Molina P, Flores-Sirvent L, Baena-Gonzalez V. American cranberry (proanthocyanidin 120mg): Its value for the prevention of urinary tracts infections after ureteral catheter placement.
Actas Urol Esp. 2015; 39 (2): 112-117. doi: 10.1016/j.acuro.2014.07.003.
Chenoweth CE, Gould CV, Saint S. Diagnosis, management, and prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections.
Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2014; 28 (1): 105-119. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2013.09.002.
Chenoweth CE, Saint S. Urinary tract infections.
Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2011; 25 (1): 103-115. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2010.11.005.
Dieter AA, Amundsen CL, Edenfield AL, et al. Oral antibiotics to prevent postoperative urinary tract infection: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2014; 123 (1): 96-103. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000024. [Erratum,
Obstet Gynecol. 2014; 123 (3): 669.]
Dumas AM, Girard R, Ayzac L, et al. Effect of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis against group B streptococcal infection on comparisons of rates of endometritis and urinary tract infection in multicenter surveillance.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008; 29 (4): 327-332. doi: 10.1086/529210.
Evron S, Dimitrochenko V, Khazin V, et al. The effect of intermittent versus continuous bladder catheterization on labor duration and postpartum urinary retention and infection: a randomized trial.
J Clin Anesth. 2008; 20 (8): 567-572. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2008.06.009.
*Fakih, MG, George C, Edson BS, Goeschel CA, Saint, S. Implementing a national program to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infection: a quality improvement collaboration of state hospital associations, academic medical centers, professional societies, and governmental agencies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013; 34 (10): 1048-1054. doi: 10.1086/673149.
Fakih MG, Krein SL, Edson B, Watson SR, Battles JB, Saint S. Engaging health care workers to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection and avert patient harm.
Am J Infect Control. 2014; 42 (10 Suppl): S223-S229. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.03.355.
Fink R, Gilmartin H, Richard A, Capezuti E, Boltz M, Wald H. Indwelling urinary catheter management and catheter-associated urinary tract infection prevention practices in Nurses Improving Care for Healthsystem Elders hospitals.
Am J Infect Control. 2012; 40 (8): 715-720. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.09.017.
Gamage B, Varia M, Litt M, Pugh S, Bryce E. Finding the gaps: an assessment of infection control surveillance needs in British Columbia acute care facilities.
Am J Infect Control. 2008; 36 (10): 706-710. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2008.06.004.
Hsu V.
Prevention of health care-associated infections.
Am Fam Physician. 2014; 90 (6): 377-82.
Kachare SD, Sanders C, Myatt K, Fitzgerald TL, Zervos EE.
Toward eliminating catheter-associated urinary tract infections in an academic health center. J Surg Res. 2014; 192 (2): 280-285. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.07.045
Maharaj D. Puerperal pyrexia: a review. Part I.
Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2007; 62 (6): 393-399.
Maharaj D. Puerperal Pyrexia: a review. Part II.
Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2007; 62 (6): 400-6.
Saint S, Fowler KE, Sermak K, et al.
Introducing the No Preventable Harms campaign: Creating the safest health care system in the world, starting with catheter-associated urinary tract infection prevention.
Am J Infect Control. 2015; 43 (3): 254-259. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.11.016.
Saint S, Gaies E, Fowler KE, Harrod M, Krein SL.
Introducing a catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) prevention guide to patient safety (GPS). Am J Infect Control. 2014; 42 (5): 548-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.12.019.
Salvatore S, Salvatore S, Cattoni E, et al. Urinary tract infections in women.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011; 156 (2): 131-136. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.01.028.
Shuman EK, Chenoweth CE. Recognition and prevention of healthcare-associated urinary tract infections in the intensive care unit.
Crit Care Med. 2010; 38 (8 Suppl): S373-S379. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e6ce8f.
Wagenlehner FM, Cek M, Naber KG, Kiyota H, Bjerklund-Johansen TE. Epidemiology, treatment and prevention of healthcare-associated urinary tract infections.
World J Urol. 2012; 30 (1): 59-67. doi: 10.1007/s00345-011-0757-1.
Nursing Interventions for the Prevention of UTI
Alexaitis I, Broome B. Implementation of a nurse-driven protocol to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections.
J Nurs Care Qual. 2014; 29 (3): 245-252. doi: 10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000041.
Fuchs MA, Sexton DJ, Thornlow DK, Champagne MT. Evaluation of an evidence-based, nurse-driven checklist to prevent hospital-acquired catheter-associated urinary tract infections in intensive care units.
J Nurs Care Qual. 2011; 26 (2): 101-109. doi: 10.1097/NCQ.0b013e3181fb7847.
Oman KS, Makic MB, Fink R, et al. Nurse-directed interventions to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infections.
Am J Infect Control. 2012; 40 (6): 548-553. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.07.018.
*Parry MF, Grant B, Sestovic M. Successful reduction in catheter-associated urinary tract infections: focus on nurse-directed catheter removal.
Am J Infect Control. 2013; 41 (12): 1178-1181. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.03.296.
Willson M, Wilde M, Webb ML, et al. Nursing interventions to reduce the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection: part 2: staff education, monitoring, and care techniques.
J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2009; 36 (2): 137-154. doi: 10.1097/01.WON.0000347655.56851.04.
Wan H, Hu S, Thobaben M, Hou Y, Yin T. Continuous primary nursing care increases satisfaction with nursing care and reduces postpartum problems for hospitalized pregnant women.
Contemp Nurse. 2011; 37 (2): 149-59. doi: 10.5172/conu.2011.37.2.149.
Catheter Use
Baldini G, Bagry H, Aprikian A, Carli F.
Postoperative urinary retention: anesthetic and perioperative considerations.
Anesthesiology. 2009; 110 (5): 1139-1157. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819f7aea.
Bernard MS, Hunter KF, Moore KN. A review of strategies to decrease the duration of indwelling urethral catheters and potentially reduce the incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections.
Urol Nurs. 2012; 32 (1): 29-37.
Chenoweth C, Saint S. Preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections in the intensive care unit.
Crit Care Clin. 2013; 29 (1): 19-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2012.10.005.
Feneley RC, Kunin CM, Stickler DJ.
An indwelling urinary catheter for the 21st century.
BJU Int. 2012; 109 (12): 1746-1749. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10753.x.
Healy EF, Walsh CA, Cotter AM, Walsh SR. Suprapubic compared with transurethral bladder catheterization for gynecologic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Obstet Gynecol. 2012; 120 (3): 678-687. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182657f0d.
*Loeb, M, Hunt D, O'Halloran K, Carusone SC, Dafoe N, Walter SD.
Stop orders to reduce inappropriate urinary catheterization in hospitalized patients: a randomized controlled trial.J Gen Intern Med. 2008; 23 (6): 816-820. doi: 10.1007/s11606-008-0620-2.
Lusardi G, Lipp A, Shaw C. Antibiotic prophylaxis for short-term catheter bladder drainage in adults.
Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. 2013; 7: CD005428. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005428.pub2.
Marschall J, Carpenter CR, Fowler S, Trautner BW, CDC Prevention Epicenters Program.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for urinary tract infections after removal of urinary catheter: meta-analysis.
BMJ. 2013; 346: f3147. [Erratum in
BMJ. 2013; 347: f5325].
*Meddings J, Rogers MA, Macy M, Saint S.
Systematic review and meta-analysis: reminder systems to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infections and urinary catheter use in hospitalized patients.
Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 51 (5): 550-560. doi: 10.1086/655133.
Newman DK, Willson MM. Review of intermittent catheterization and current best practices.
Urol Nurs. 2011; 31 (1): 12-28, 48.
Nicolle LE.
Catheter associated urinary tract infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2014; 3: 23. doi: 10.1186/2047-2994-3-23.
Nicolle LE.
Catheter-acquired urinary tract infection: the once and future guidelines.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010; 31 (4): 327-329. doi: 10.1086/651092.
Niel-Weise BS, van den Broek PJ, da Silva EM, Silva LA. Urinary catheter policies for long-term bladder drainage.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 8: CD004201. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004201.pub3.
Owen RM, Perez SD, Bornstein WA, Sweeney JF. Impact of surgical care improvement project inf-9 on postoperative urinary tract infections: do exemptions interfere with quality patient care?
Arch Surg. 2012; 147 (10): 946-953. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.2012.1485.
Pickard R, Lam T, Maclennan G, et al. Types of urethral catheter for reducing symptomatic urinary tract infections in hospitalised adults requiring short-term catheterisation: multicentre randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of antimicrobial- and antiseptic-impregnated urethral catheters (the CATHETER trial).
Health Technol Assess. 2012; 16 (47): 1-197. doi: 10.3310/hta16470.
Pickard R, Lam T, Maclennan G, et al.
Antimicrobial catheters for reduction of symptomatic urinary tract infection in adults requiring short-term catheterisation in hospital: a multicentre randomised controlled trial.
Lancet. 2012; 380 (9857): 1927-1935. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61380-4.
Rebmann T, Greene LR. Preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections: An executive summary of the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, Elimination Guide.
Am J Infect Control. 2010; 38 (8): 644-646. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2010.08.003.
Regev-Shoshani G, Ko M, Crowe A, Av-Gay Y. Comparative efficacy of commercially available and emerging antimicrobial urinary catheters against bacteriuria caused by E. coli in vitro.
Urology. 2011; 78 (2): 334-339. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.02.063.
Siddiq DM, Darouiche RO. New strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections.
Nat Rev Urol. 2012; 9 (6): 305-314. doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2012.68.
Tambyah PA, Oon J. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection.
Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2012; 25 (4): 365-370. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32835565cc.
Tenke P, Koves B, Johansen TE. An update on prevention and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infections.
Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2014; 27 (1): 102-107. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000031.
Weber DJ, Kang J, Brown VM, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Rutala WA. Preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections: hospital location of catheter insertion.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012; 33 (10): 1057-1058. doi: 10.1086/667771.
Wyndaele JJ, Brauner A, Geerlings SE, Bela K, Peter T, Bjerklund-Johanson TE. Clean intermittent catheterization and urinary tract infection: review and guide for future research.
BJU Int. 2012; 110 (11 Pt C): E910-E917. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11549.x.
Zaouter C, Kaneva P, Carli, F. Less urinary tract infection by earlier removal of bladder catheter in surgical patients receiving thoracic epidural analgesia.
Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009; 34 (6): 542-548.
Newborn References
Bizzarro MJ. Health care-associated infections in the neonatal intensive care unit: barriers to continued success. Semin Perinatol. 2012; 36 (6): 437-44. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2012.06.006.
**Bonadio W, Maida G. Urinary tract infection in outpatient febrile infants younger than 30 days of age: a 10-year evaluation.
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014; 33 (4): 342–344. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000110.
**Braga LH, Farrokhyar F, D'Cruz J, Pemberton J, Lorenzo AJ. Risk factors for febrile urinary tract infection in children with prenatal hydronephrosis: A prospective study.
J Urol. 2015; 193 (5 Suppl): 1766–1771. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.10.091.
Davis KF, Colebaugh AM, Eithun BL, et al.
Reducing catheter-associated urinary tract infections: a quality-improvement initiative. Pediatrics. 2014; 134 (3): e857-e864. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-3470.
**Goldman M, Lahat E, Strauss S, et al. Imaging after urinary tract infection in male neonates.
Pediatrics. 2000;105 (6): 1232–1235.
Graham PL, 3rd. Simple strategies to reduce healthcare associated infections in the neonatal intensive care unit: line, tube, and hand hygiene. Clin Perinatol. 2010; 37 (3): 645-653. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2010.06.005.
**Herz D, Merguerian P, McQuiston L. Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the risk of febrile UTI in children with asymptomatic antenatal hydronephrosis with either ureteral dilation, high-grade vesicoureteral reflux, or ureterovesical junction obstruction. J Pediatr Urol. 2014; 10 (4): 650–654.
Jagannath VA, Fedorowicz Z, Sud V, Verma AK, Hajebrahimi S. Routine neonatal circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infections in infancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 11: CD009129. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009129.pub2.
Kacker S, Frick KD, Gaydos CA, Tobian AA.
Costs and effectiveness of neonatal male circumcision. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012; 166 (10): 910-8.
**Ismaili K, Lolin K, Damry N, Alexander M, Lepage P, Hall M. Febrile urinary tract infections in 0- to 3-month-old infants: a prospective follow-up study.
J Pediatr. 2011; 158 (1): 91–94. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.06.053.
**Levy I, Comarsca J, Davidovits M, Klinger G, Sirota L, Linder N. Urinary tract infection in preterm infants: the protective role of breastfeeding.
Pediatr Nephrol. 2009; 24 (3): 527–531. doi: 10.1007/s00467-008-1007-7.
**Sastre JB, Aparicio AR, Cotallo GD, Colomer BF, Hernández MC, Grupo de Hospitales Castrillo. Urinary tract infection in the newborn: clinical and radio imaging studies.
Pediatr Nephrol. 2007; 22 (10):1735–1741.
**Tullus K. Vesicoureteric reflux in children.
Lancet. 2015; 385 (9965): 371–379. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60383-4.
